看就业 选专业——报好高考志愿（2022年版）

\"在高考分数允许的范围内，有很多大学和专业可供考生选择，但分数提供的只是“选择边界”，而不是“最优解”。当前的就业压力下，上大学也不再意味着就有好工作，甚至所谓的名牌大学也不再是顺利就业的保障！“考得好不如报得好”已愈来愈成为考生和家长的共识。在高考志愿填报这场“信息与智力的竞赛”中，学生、家长和老师往往缺乏了解大学各专业就业情况的渠道，必须借助专业、权威、公正的第三方关键信息。 本书基于国际先进调查系统，由麦可思公司第一手就业数据编写而成，是给高考生、家长和教师的实用型志愿填报工具！本书调查数据覆盖了401个本科专业，本科毕业生从事的582个职业、330个行业；582个高职专业，高职毕业生从事的554个职业，332个行业。 从职业规划的基点出发，通过大量表格为读者提供了科学、细致的本科和高职高专专业就业信息，为读者推荐就业前景较好的专业和职业。详读本书，高考填报志愿的决策问题即可迎刃而解。 \"

\"麦可思研究院是麦可思公司的分析、研究中心，专注于高等教育领域，协助中国高校、各级政府教育和人力资源主管部门、学术研究机构、企业各级管理者深入了解大学生培养和就业状况。麦可思公司成立于2006年，是中国高教管理数据与咨询产业的奠基人和领军者，每年为1200多所高校提供年度数据跟踪与咨询服务，是中国科协、人社部、司法部、中国社科院、世界银行等机构的合作项目单位，是北京大学教育学院、北京师范大学教育学部高等教育研究所、清华大学教育研究院、中国人民大学教育学院、中央财经大学中国人力资本与劳动经济研究中心和西南财经大学经济学院的产学研合作基地，也是《中国大学生就业报告》（即就业蓝皮书）的唯一撰稿人，与上海市教育科学研究院合作撰写《中国高等职业教育质量年度报告》。 麦可思还与厦门大学合作成立了“厦门大学—麦可思中国高等教育数据中心”，与西安交通大学共建“高等教育质量评价协同研究中心”。 \"

目 录 第1章 为什么需要这样一本书 1.1 考得好不如报得好 ········································································2 1.2 怎样报赢高考 ··············································································6 1.2.1 选大学，不要迷信大学综合排名 ························································7 1.2.2 根据职业规划选专业 ·······································································8 1.2.3 基于就业信息确定就业目标 ····························································12 1.3 内容导航 ···················································································15 第2章 专业“就业详单” 2.1 专业就业情况概览 ·······································································19 2.2 专业“红黄绿牌” ·······································································32 2.2.1 哪些专业的就业堪忧 ·····································································33 2.2.2 哪些专业有就业前景 ·····································································37  VIII 看就业 选专业——报好高考志愿(2022年版) 2.3 从“毕业后做什么”看专业 ···························································42 2.3.1 各专业毕业生从事的职业 ·······························································43 2.3.2 各专业毕业生进入的行业 ·······························································60 第3章 从就业薪资高低选专业 3.1 院校收入分析 ·············································································78 3.2 地方收入分析 ·············································································82 3.2.1 经济区域就业的月收入变化趋势 ······················································83 3.2.2 不同城市类型的月收入差异 ····························································85 3.3 各专业的收入分析 ·······································································89 第4章 从职业规划入手选专业 4.1 你适合什么职业 ········································································109 4.2 揭开职业的神秘面纱 ···································································115 4.3 从高薪职业看专业 ·····································································145 4.4 行业需求、薪资速查 ··································································150 第5章 另类思路选专业 5.1 男/女生都有就业优势的专业 ························································160 5.2 从工作相关度高低选专业 ····························································168 5.3 从职业期待吻合度高低选专业 ······················································171 5.4 从就业满意度高低选专业 ····························································173  IX 目 录 5.5 专升本、读研、留学比例高的专业 ················································175 5.6 自主创业比例高的专业 ·······························································188 5.7 离职率高的专业 ········································································197 第6章 疫情影响下的高考志愿填报 6.1 疫情对不同行业就业的影响 ·························································201 6.1.1 服务性产业受冲击较大 ·································································201 6.1.2 政策性岗位对“稳就业”“保就业”起到重要作用 ·····························203 6.1.3 刚需产业是保障就业的“稳定器” ··················································204 6.1.4 新兴岗位成为制造业中需求增长亮点 ···············································205 6.2 疫情对升学、考公的影响 ····························································207 6.3 乡村振兴战略下涉农人才需求增加 ················································208 第7章 填报高考志愿时常见问题的解答 7.1 如何填报高考志愿 ·····································································213 问题1：填报志愿时应考虑哪些因素··························································213 问题2：在志愿填报之前应该了解哪些信息？如何了解 ·································213 问题3：在填报志愿时，选专业和选学校哪个更重要 ····································214 问题4：在选择专业时，是否应以未来收入为标杆········································214 7.2 专业选择和职业规划 ··································································214 问题1：性格比较内向和外向的人，选什么专业比较合适 ······························214 问题2：新的热门专业是否代表未来也是热门职业呢 ····································214 问题3：不少新专业是由原来的专科提升演变而来的，这些专业成为本科专业后， 教学基础是否牢靠······································································215  问题4：如何判断“热门”专业是否适合自己··············································215 问题5：收费高的专业就一定好吗，好专业就一定收费高吗 ···························215 附 录 大学生最有可能从事的常见职业列表  图表目录 图1-1 2021年度本科毕业生读研转换专业的比例 ······················································10 图1-2 2021年度本科毕业生读研的主要动机 ····························································10 图1-3 2021年度高职毕业生读本科的原因 ································································11 图1-4 全书内容导图···························································································16 表2-1 麦可思2021年度本科专业门类的各项就业指标 ················································21 表2-2 麦可思2021年度本科各主要专业的就业指标 ···················································22 表2-3 麦可思2021年度高职专业大类的各项就业指标 ················································27 表2-4 麦可思2021年度高职各主要专业的就业指标 ···················································28 表2-5 麦可思2021年“红黄绿牌”本科专业名单 ······················································33 表2-6 麦可思2021年“红黄绿牌”高职专业名单 ······················································33 表2-7 麦可思2021年度就业率较低的本科和高职专业(前10位) ·····································34 表2-8 麦可思2021年度毕业生规模较大的本科和高职专业中 就业率较低的专业(前10位) ··········································································34 表2-9 麦可思2021年度平均月收入较低的本科和高职专业(前10位) ·······························35 表2-10 麦可思2021年度毕业生规模较大的本科和高职专业中 收入较低的本科和高职专业(前10位) ····························································36 表2-11 麦可思2021年度就业率较高的本科和高职专业(前50位) ····································37 表2-12 麦可思2021年度毕业生规模较大的本科和高职专业中 就业率较高的专业(前10位) ········································································40 表2-13 麦可思2021年度毕业三年内毕业生职位晋升比例较高的 主要本科专业类和高职专业类(前10位) ·························································41  XII 看就业 选专业——报好高考志愿(2022年版) 表2-14 麦可思2021年度毕业三年内毕业生职位晋升次数较高的 主要本科专业类和高职专业类(前10位) ·························································41 表2-15 麦可思2021年度本科各主要专业的毕业生毕业半年后的职业流向(前3位) ·············43 表2-16 麦可思2021年度高职各主要专业的毕业生毕业半年后的职业流向(前3位) ·············52 表2-17 麦可思2021年度本科各主要专业的毕业生毕业半年后的行业流向(前3位) ·············61 表2-18 麦可思2021年度高职各主要专业的毕业生毕业半年后的行业流向(前3位) ·············69 图3-1 2021年度本科毕业生毕业半年后的月收入 ······················································79 图3-2 2021年度各类本科院校毕业生毕业半年后的月收入 ··········································79 图3-3 2021年度本科毕业生毕业三年后的月收入与涨幅(与2017届半年后对比) ················80 图3-4 2021年度本科毕业生毕业五年后的月收入与涨幅(与2015届半年后、三年后对比) ····80 图3-5 2021年度高职毕业生毕业半年后的月收入 ······················································81 图3-6 2021年度各类高职院校毕业生毕业半年后的月收入 ··········································81 图3-7 2021年度高职毕业生毕业三年后的月收入与涨幅(与2017届半年后对比) ················82 图3-8 2021年度高职毕业生毕业五年后的月收入与涨幅(与2015届半年后对比) ················82 表3-1 麦可思2021年度本科毕业生毕业半年后在各经济区域就业的月收入 ·····················83 表3-2 麦可思2021年度高职毕业生毕业半年后在各经济区域就业的月收入 ·····················83 表3-3 麦可思2021年度(2017届)本科毕业生毕业三年后在各经济区域就业的 月收入与涨幅···························································································84 表3-4 麦可思2021年度(2017届)高职毕业生毕业三年后在各经济区域就业的 月收入与涨幅···························································································84 图3-9 2021年度本科毕业生在一线、新一线城市就业的比例变化趋势 ···························85 图3-10 2021年度高职毕业生在一线、新一线城市就业的比例变化趋势 ··························86 图3-11 2021年度本科毕业生毕业半年后在一线、新一线城市的就业满意度 ····················86 图3-12 2021年度高职毕业生毕业半年后在一线、新一线城市的就业满意度变化趋势 ········87 图3-13 2021年度本科毕业生毕业半年后在一线、新一线城市就业的月收入 ····················87 图3-14 2021年度(2017届)本科毕业生毕业三年后在一线、新一线城市就业的 月收入与涨幅 ·························································································88 图3-15 2021年度(2015届)本科毕业生毕业五年后在一线、新一线城市就业的月收入与涨幅 (与2015届半年后、三年后对比) ··································································88 图3-16 2021年度高职毕业生毕业半年后在一线、新一线城市就业的月收入 ···················89 图3-17 2021年度高职毕业生毕业三年后在一线、新一线城市就业的月收入 ····················89 表3-5 麦可思2021年度本科各学科门类毕业半年后的月收入 ·······································90 表3-6 麦可思2021年度高职各专业大类毕业半年后的月收入 ·······································90 表3-7 麦可思2021年度(2017届)本科各学科门类毕业三年后的月收入与涨幅 ···················91 表3-8 麦可思2021年度(2017届)高职各专业大类毕业三年后的月收入与涨幅 ···················92  XIII 图表目录 表3-9 麦可思2021年度本科主要专业类毕业半年后的月收入 ·······································92 表3-10 麦可思2021年度高职主要专业类毕业半年后的月收入 ······································94 表3-11 麦可思2021年度本科毕业生毕业半年后月收入增长最快的 前十位专业类(与2018届对比) ·······································································96 表3-12 麦可思2021年度高职毕业生毕业半年后月收入增长最快的 前十位专业类(与2018届对比) ·······································································96 表3-13 麦可思2021年度本科毕业生毕业半年后月收入增长最慢的 前十位专业类(与2018届对比) ·······································································97 表3-14 麦可思2021年度高职毕业生毕业半年后月收入增长最慢的 前十位专业类(与2018届对比) ·····································································97 表3-15 麦可思2021年度(2017届)本科主要专业类毕业三年后的月收入与涨幅 ··················98 表3-16 麦可思2021年度(2017届)高职主要专业类毕业三年后的月收入与涨幅 ··················99 表3-17 麦可思2021年度本科毕业生毕业半年后月收入排前50位的主要专业 ···················101 表3-18 麦可思2021年度高职毕业生毕业半年后月收入排前50位的主要专业 ···················101 表4-1 研究型人格与适合的职业范围 ····································································105 表4-2 研究型—计算机系统软件工程技术人员的真实职业环境 ································106 表4-3 张亮所选择的专业与对应的职业 (附：工作与专业相关度和毕业半年后的平均月收入) ·······································109 图4-1 霍兰德6种人格类型 ··················································································110 表4-4 6种人格类型与适合的职业范围 ···································································113 表4-5 现实型—土木工程技术人员的真实职业环境一览表 ······································116 表4-6 现实型—机械绘图人员的真实职业环境一览表 ············································119 表4-7 研究型—产品安全工程技术人员的真实职业环境一览表 ································121 表4-8 艺术型—记者的真实职业环境一览表 ························································124 表4-9 艺术型—室内设计师的真实职业环境一览表 ···············································126 表4-10 社会型—法律职员的真实职业环境一览表 ·················································129 表4-11 社会型—公关专员的真实职业环境一览表 ·················································131 表4-12 企业型—个人理财顾问的真实职业环境一览表 ···········································134 表4-13 企业型—人力资源经理的真实职业环境一览表 ···········································137 表4-14 事务型—会计的真实职业环境一览表 ·······················································140 表4-15 事务型—货运代理的真实职业环境一览表 ·················································142 表4-16 麦可思2021年度本科毕业生所从事的10个高薪职业及其对应专业 (附：工作与专业相关度和毕业半年后的平均月收入) ·····································145 表4-17 麦可思2021年度高职毕业生所从事的10个高薪职业及其对应专业 (附：工作与专业相关度和毕业半年后的平均月收入) ·····································147  表4-18 麦可思2021年度大学毕业生毕业半年后月收入较低的职业(前10位) ····················148 表4-19 麦可思2021年度大学毕业生从事的专业门槛较高的职业(前20位) ·······················148 表4-20 麦可思2021年度大学毕业生从事的专业门槛较低的职业(前20位) ·······················149 表4-21 麦可思2021年度本科高薪行业及其所对应的职业(前5位) ·································150 表4-22 麦可思2021年度高职高薪行业及其所对应的职业(前5位) ·································152 表4-23 麦可思2021年度本科需求量大的行业及其所对应的职业(前5位) ························154 表4-24 麦可思2021年度高职需求量大的行业及其所对应的职业(前5位) ························155 表5-1 麦可思2021年度男/女性大学毕业生薪资五星级 (★★★★★) 推荐本科专业榜(前20位)············································································160 表5-2 麦可思2021年度男/女性大学毕业生薪资五星级(★★★★★) 推荐高职专业榜(前20位)············································································161 表5-3 麦可思2021年度男/女性大学毕业生就业率五星级(★★★★★) 推荐本科专业榜(前20位)············································································162 表5-4 麦可思2021年度男/女性大学毕业生就业率五星级(★★★★★) 推荐高职专业榜(前20位)············································································163 表5-5 麦可思2021年度男/女性大学毕业生就业满意度五星级(★★★★★) 推荐本科专业榜(前20位)···········································································164 表5-6 麦可思2021年度男/女性大学毕业生就业满意度五星级(★★★★★) 推荐高职专业榜(前20位)············································································165 表5-7 麦可思2021年度男/女性大学毕业生专业相关度五星级(★★★★★) 推荐本科专业榜(前20位)············································································166 表5-8 麦可思2021年度男/女性大学毕业生专业相关度五星级(★★★★★) 推荐高职专业榜(前20位)············································································167 表5-9 麦可思2021年度本科毕业生从事相关工作比例高的专业(前20位) ························169 表5-10 麦可思2021年度高职毕业生从事相关工作比例高的专业(前20位) ·······················169 表5-11 麦可思2021年度本科毕业生从事相关工作比例低的专业(前10位) ·······················171 表5-12 麦可思2021年度高职毕业生从事相关工作比例低的专业(前10位) ·······················171 表5-13 麦可思2021年度职业期待吻合度较高的主要本科专业(前10位) ··························172 表5-14 麦可思2021年度职业期待吻合度较高的主要高职专业(前10位) ··························172 表5-15 麦可思2021年度职业期待吻合度较低的主要本科专业(前10位) ··························172 表5-16 麦可思2021年度职业期待吻合度较低的主要高职专业(前10位) ··························173 表5-17 麦可思2021年度就业现状满意度较高的主要本科专业(前10位) ··························173 表5-18 麦可思2021年度就业现状满意度较高的主要高职专业(前10位) ··························174 表5-19 麦可思2021年度就业现状满意度较低的主要本科专业(前10位) ··························174 表5-20 麦可思2021年度就业现状满意度较低的主要高职专业(前10位) ··························175  图5-1 2021年度高职毕业生读本科的比例 ······························································176 图5-2 2021年度各类高职院校毕业生读本科的比例 ··················································176 表5-21 麦可思2021年度高职各专业大类读本科的比例 ··············································177 表5-22 麦可思2021年度专升本比例高的高职专业排行榜(前20位) ································177 图5-3 2021年度本科毕业生国内读研的比例 ···························································178 图5-4 2021年度(2017届、2016届)本科毕业生毕业半年后准备考研群体三年后的 学历提升情况··························································································179 图5-5 2021年度本科毕业生读研转换专业的比例 ·····················································179 表5-23 麦可思2021年度本科各学科门类读研比例 ····················································180 表5-24 麦可思2021年度本科毕业生读研的主要研究生专业类分布 ·······························180 表5-25 麦可思2021年度毕业即留在国内读研比例高的本科专业排行榜(前20位) ··············182 表5-26 麦可思2021年度本科各学科门类读研转换专业比例 ········································182 图5-6 2021年度本科毕业生留学的比例 ·································································183 表5-27 麦可思2021年度本科各学科门类留学比例 ····················································184 图5-7 2021年度本科毕业生留学的主要专业类分布 ··················································184 表5-28 麦可思2021年度毕业即出国留学比例高的本科专业排行榜(前20位) ····················185 图5-8 2021年度(2017届)高职毕业生毕业三年后学历提升人群和学历未提升人群的 就业满意度·····························································································186 图5-9 2021年度(2017届)高职毕业生毕业三年后学历提升人群和学历未提升人群的 月收入对比·····························································································186 图5-10 2021年度(2015届)本科毕业生毕业五年后学历提升人群和学历未提升人群的就业 满意度对比 ···························································································187 图5-11 2021年度(2015届)本科毕业生毕业五年后学历提升人群和学历未提升人群的 月收入对比 ···························································································187 图5-12 2021年度(2015届)本科毕业生毕业半年后国内读研与留学人群五年后就业的 用人单位类型对比 ··················································································188 图5-13 2021年度本科毕业生毕业半年后自主创业的比例变化趋势 ·······························189 图5-14 2021年度(2015届)本科毕业生毕业五年后自主创业的比例(与2015届半年后、 三年后对比) ··························································································189 图5-15 2021年度各类高职院校毕业生毕业半年后自主创业的比例变化趋势 ···················190 图5-16 2021年度(2017届)高职毕业生毕业三年后自主创业的比例(与2017届半年后对比) ···190 图5-17 2021年度本科毕业生毕业半年后自主创业的月收入 ········································191 图5-18 2021年度(2015届)本科毕业生毕业五年后自主创业的月收入(与2015届三年后、 半年后对比) ··························································································191 图5-19 2021年度高职毕业生毕业半年后自主创业的月收入 ·····················