国际科学技术发展报告·2021

本书以2020年资料为基础、以科技政策为主线、以主要发达国家和发展中国家为对象，反映世界科技发展的最新动向。共分四部分。第一部分主要对2020年的国际科技发展动向进行综述，重点是各国科技创新战略和规划的动向、全球科技投入及人才流动的新趋势；第二部分选择一些重点科技领域进行较深入的综合分析与介绍；第三部分介绍了一些国家和国际组织（机构）的科技发展概况，包括各国开展科技合作的情况；第四部分是附录。

目　　录 第一部分　新冠肺炎疫情下的国际科技创新动向 后疫情时代全球科技创新呈现新的动向和趋势···················· 一、新冠肺炎疫情对全球科技创新的影响························ 二、后疫情时代科技创新呈现新的动向··························· 全球化新阶段下全球科技竞合呈现新格局························ 14 一、以科技为核心的全球化新阶段成为全球竞合格局的 大背景····························································· 14 二、中美欧将成为全球科技竞合格局中的核心势力·········· 16 三、关键核心技术和新兴技术成为全球科技竞合的主战场··· 19 四、新兴技术标准和监管政策成为全球科技竞合的战略 高地································································ 21 各国政府应对疫情面向未来部署科技创新政策·················· 24 一、科技创新是各国应对新冠肺炎疫情的重要手段·········· 24 二、实现可持续发展、确保长期竞争力是各国科技政策 重点································································ 26 三、推动创新型企业发展··········································· 29 四、公民科学日益受到各国重视·································· 31 主要国家和地区加快产业向数字化和绿色化转型···················33 一、新冠肺炎疫情导致全球产业发生结构性变化············· 33 二、主要国家和地区加强产业政策布局，通过政府干预 确保关键产业顺畅发展········································ 36 国际科学技术发展报告·2021 三、各国产业加速向数字化转型，寻求新的增长引擎······························38 四、各国产业加速向绿色化转型，助力实现可持续发展···························41 五、中小企业脆弱性显现，成为各国稳定供应链的重要关切·····················43 全球研发投入在疫情危机下继续增长························································· 45 一、新冠肺炎疫情前的世界研发投入格局·············································45 二、新冠肺炎疫情对全球研发投入的影响·············································47 三、政府研发投入的走向··································································48 全球科技人力资源稳步发展·································································51 一、全球人口受教育程度持续提高，科技人力资源持续增长·····················51 二、核心科技人才队伍稳步增长·························································54 三、全球流动的国际学生数量不断增加，流向仍然比较集中·····················57 四、女性在各国科技人才开发中受关注················································58 五、研究人员逐步向企业集聚····························································60 第二部分　国际科技热点领域追踪与分析 全球气候持续变暖，碳中和亟待科技创新支撑引领···································65 一、新冠肺炎疫情未阻止气候的继续快速变化，绿色复苏成为疫后重建 广泛共识·················································································65 二、各国强化应对气候变化雄心，科技成为实现碳中和目标的关键支撑······68 三、全球实现碳中和面临巨大挑战，绿色低碳研发与技术转移合作亟待 加强·······················································································71 绿色清洁能源加速发展·······································································74 一、全球可再生能源装机容量逆势增长创历史新高·································75 二、绿色清洁依然是各国能源新政强调的重点·······································75 三、太阳能继续保持强劲增长····························································77 四、风电发展创下新的里程碑····························································78 五、氢能迎来前所未有的发展机遇······················································79 六、生物燃料发展受到疫情冲击·························································82 七、核电发展区域差异明显·······························································83 围绕新型冠状病毒的研发和部署将是全球共同关注的焦点问题····················85 一、主要国家积极部署应对新冠肺炎疫情·············································85 二、国际组织努力推动全球研发合作与疫苗的可及性······························90 三、主要医药企业围绕抗病毒药物和疫苗启动了快速研发························91 目　　录 四、围绕新型冠状病毒的相关科学问题是未来持续的重点领域··················93 生命科学与生物技术研发活跃······························································95 一、主要国家围绕生命科学与生物技术领域进行系列部署························95 二、全球生物医药研发与产业发展整体呈高度活跃态势···························99 三、重点前沿技术领域持续涌现新成果·············································· 102 人工智能发展热度有增无减······························································· 107 一、人工智能研发热潮持续升温······················································· 107 二、人工智能在应对新冠肺炎疫情中发挥重要作用······························· 109 三、主要国家加强人工智能战略部署················································· 110 量子信息科技成为大国战略必争领域························································ 367 目　　录 印度尼西亚····················································································· 369 一、创新指标及投入产出································································ 369 二、印度尼西亚科技发展战略与政策················································· 370 三、印度尼西亚科技创新进展·························································· 372 四、印度尼西亚国际科技合作情况···················································· 373 五、印度尼西亚科技体制改革进展及双边合作机会······························· 375 马来西亚··················································································· 376 一、科技创新能力进一步提升·························································· 376 二、调整科技管理机构制定新政策应对新挑战····································· 377 三、聚焦科技抗疫取得成效····························································· 379 四、大力发展数字经济推动社会数字化转型········································ 380 五、半导体产业继续吸引海外投资与国际合作····································· 382 六、空间科技及稀土研发新态势······················································· 383 新　加　坡····················································································· 384 一、综合性科技创新战略规划·························································· 384 二、重点领域的专项计划································································ 386 三、重点领域科技及产业发展动态和趋势··········································· 389 四、科技管理体制、机制方面的重大变化··········································· 390 五、国际科技创新合作政策动向······················································· 390 缅　　甸························································································ 392 一、整体科技创新实力仍然十分落后················································· 392 二、综合性科技创新政策的制定······················································· 393 三、科技管理体制机制、重点领域动态和趋势····································· 394 四、主要领域科技创新发展成就······················································· 394 印　　度························································································ 397 一、科技创新整体实力情况····························································· 397 二、综合性科技创新战略、政策及举措·············································· 398 三、重点领域专项计划和部署·························································· 400 四、科技管理体制机制方面的重大变化·············································· 402 五、国际科技创新合作情况····························································· 404 巴基斯坦··················································································· 407 一、国家科技与创新政策································································ 407 二、创新排名与研发投入产出·························································· 407 三、重要科技发展动态和主要成就···················································· 408 四、国际科技创新合作··································································· 409 国际科学技术发展报告·2021 以　色　列····················································································· 411 一、以色列科技管理和创新发展情况················································· 411 二、2020年重要科技动态······························································ 415 哈萨克斯坦····················································································· 420 一、科技领域主要统计数据····························································· 420 二、政府颁布的主要科技政策、规划和项目········································ 421 三、主要国民经济领域科技创新发展动态··········································· 423 乌兹别克斯坦·················································································· 426 一、科技创新持续推动··································································· 426 二、数字经济成为国家发展重点······················································· 428 三、科技园区建设受到政府重视······················································· 429 澳大利亚··································· 117 一、主要国家和地区持续强化战略规划顶层设计·································· 117 二、量子计算软硬件不断取得新突破················································· 123 全球区块链技术稳健发展·································································· 126 一、区块链技术发展持续演进·························································· 126 二、主要国家发展发布专门战略及重要法律········································ 127 三、区块链技术应用已经出现显著案例·············································· 128 四、主要国家继续强化技术监管······················································· 131 世界航天在新冠肺炎疫情中稳步发展······················································· 134 一、各国航天政策与投入动向·························································· 134 二、空间科学探测十分活跃····························································· 136 三、国际空间站运行平稳································································ 138 四、卫星领域竞争日趋激烈····························································· 139 五、航天产业保持快速增长····························································· 140 六、2021年世界航天领域将继续保持良好发展态势····························· 141 主要国家和地区重塑制造业韧性························································· 143 一、新冠肺炎疫情导致全球制造业短期内迅速衰退······························· 143 二、全球生产制造格局或将发生重大变化··········································· 144 三、主要国家和地区加强疫后制造业部署，确保关键产品和技术自主安全 可控····················································································· 146 四、半导体生产制造成为全球焦点···················································· 149 国际科学技术发展报告·2021 第三部分　主要国家和地区科技发展概况 美　　国························································································ 157 一、推动科技应对疫情··································································· 157 二、塑造美国科技创新新格局·························································· 158 三、研发投入在财政赤字压力下继续保持增长····································· 161 四、加大力度防范遏制竞争对手······················································· 162 五、科技实力相对下滑引发对未来科技政策的关注······························· 164 六、国际合作··············································································· 166 加　拿　大····················································································· 168 一、科技发展概况········································································· 168 二、应对新冠肺炎疫情主要举措······················································· 171 三、重点领域科技和产业发展·························································· 175 四、国际科技创新合作重点举措······················································· 177 墨　西　哥····················································································· 179 一、政府颁布科技创新发展规划······················································· 179 二、科技创新主要进展··································································· 179 三、新冠肺炎疫情下凸显出的科技创新体系的短板······························· 182 哥斯达黎加····················································································· 184 一、科技创新整体实力位居拉美前三甲·············································· 184 二、科创战略和规划突出抗疫·························································· 184 三、航天领域加强计划和部署的前瞻性·············································· 185 四、以科技抗疫推动经济创新发展···················································· 186 五、加快融入国际科技合作体系······················································· 187 巴　　西························································································ 189 一、巴西科技创新整体实力情况······················································· 189 二、国家综合性科技创新战略和规划················································· 190 三、重点领域的专项计划和部署······················································· 191 四、科技管理体制机制方面的重大变化·············································· 194 五、国际合作··············································································· 195 智　　利························································································ 197 一、智利科技创新发展进入新阶段···················································· 197 二、科技在国家战略决策中的支撑作用显著提升·································· 198 三、科技防疫战疫行动大事记·························································· 201 四、科技创新与社会经济发展有关评价·············································· 203 目　　录 五、科技统计数据········································································· 203 欧　　盟························································································ 205 一、科技创新实力和科技资源总量情况·············································· 205 二、“地平线欧洲”即将开新局························································ 206 三、科技创新体系调整适应整体战略发展··········································· 210 四、“绿色”和“数字”双转型战略和科技创新应对疫情同步推进··········· 211 五、加快核心关键技术和产业布局和发展··········································· 215 六、坚持科技创新开放，服务欧盟核心利益········································ 217 英　　国························································································ 218 一、科研实力依然强劲··································································· 218 二、出台重要战略规划，依靠科技创新应对疫情造成的经济下滑············· 219 三、“科技抗疫”成为英国科技创新的重点领域··································· 220 四、科技治理不断完善，注重资源整合和跨学科交叉，启动设立 高风险收益研究机制································································ 222 五、重点领域科技创新深入推进······················································· 223 六、国际合作仍以西方传统盟友为主，但出现了经费压缩等颓势············· 226 七、积极打造人才吸引和培养的全球最优之地····································· 228 法　　国························································································ 230 一、研发投入产出情况··································································· 230 二、科技创新在应对新冠肺炎疫情中的作为与暴露的主要问题················ 231 三、多年期科研规划尘埃落定，为未来十年谋篇布局···························· 233 四、未来投资计划聚焦未来技术与产业，担当“复兴计划” 科技创新重任········································································· 236 五、捍卫科技与工业主权，部署和发展战略新兴产业···························· 237 六、批准“多年期能源规划”，兑现国际承诺和促进能源结构多样化········ 240 七、国际科技创新合作··································································· 240 葡　萄　牙····················································································· 243 一、科技创新领域重大事件····························································· 243 二、科技创新领域出台的重大战略···················································· 244 三、主要科技指标········································································· 245 四、重点领域发展动态··································································· 246 爱　尔　兰····················································································· 248 一、新政府调整设立科技创新管理部门·············································· 248 二、政府应急启动新冠肺炎疫情科研计划··········································· 248 三、高校和企业积极开展新冠科研和创新活动····································· 249 国际科学技术发展报告·2021 四、政府采取措施缓解疫情对科技活动的冲击····································· 249 五、高科技产业成为恢复经济的关键················································· 250 六、发布成长路线图加快培育科技初创企业········································ 250 七、展望····················································································· 251 比　利　时····················································································· 253 一、2020年比利时科技发展基本情况··············································· 253 二、比利时科技管理体制及新一届政府科技人事、政策变化··················· 254 三、2020年比利时科技研发投入及科技计划执行情况·························· 255 四、比利时国际科技合作情况·························································· 255 五、比利时科技优势领域及重要科研机构··········································· 256 六、2020年比利时重点领域科技发展动态········································· 257 挪　　威························································································ 261 一、科技创新概况及实力································································ 261 二、科技创新领域的规划和举措······················································· 263 三、挪威在重点科技领域的科技发展动态及趋势·································· 265 四、政府推动科研机构的整合及管理机构间的协同······························· 267 五、国际科技创新合作··································································· 267 芬　　兰························································································ 269 一、经济受疫情影响出现衰退·························································· 269 二、研发助力企业度过寒冬····························································· 269 三、创新能力持续保持引领地位······················································· 270 四、出台政策支撑科技创新····························································· 270 五、科技创新支撑疫情应对····························································· 272 六、新兴产业引领经济复苏····························································· 272 丹　　麦························································································ 276 一、主要科技指标········································································· 276 二、新出台的主要科技政策及科技措施·············································· 277 三、国际科技创新合作··································································· 280 德　　国························································································ 282 一、科技创新整体情况··································································· 282 二、综合性科技创新战略和规划······················································· 284 三、重点领域的专项计划与部署······················································· 286 四、科技管理体制机制方面的动态与趋势··········································· 288 五、国际科技创新合作及政策动向···················································· 290 目　　录 瑞　　士························································································ 292 一、全社会和联邦政府科研投入······················································· 292 二、创新能力继续全球领先····························································· 293 三、防疫抗疫聚焦科研··································································· 293 四、布局国家新的研究重点····························································· 294 五、“数字化转型”进入攻坚阶段····················································· 294 六、开放获取战略取得突破····························································· 295 七、进一步加强国际合作································································ 295 意　大　利····················································································· 297 一、科技创新的整体实力情况·························································· 297 二、管理改革与综合性科技战略和规划·············································· 298 三、重点领域的专项计划与部署······················································· 300 四、重点领域的科研发展动态·························································· 302 五、国际科技合作政策及动向·························································· 303 奥　地　利····················································································· 305 一、奥地利科研投入情况································································ 305 二、奥地利专利申请情况································································ 305 三、奥地利科研水平在国际比较中的情况··········································· 305 四、新冠肺炎疫情下的奥地利科研工作·············································· 306 塞　尔　维　亚··················································································· 308 一、整体科技实力········································································· 308 二、创新体系建设········································································· 310 三、科技创新战略和规划································································ 312 四、重点领域的专项计划和部署······················································· 313 五、科技管理方面的人才管理措施···················································· 314 六、国际科技合作········································································· 314 捷　　克························································································ 317 一、科技创新实力稳步上升，研发投入持续增加·································· 317 二、科技创新战略和规划································································ 319 三、重点专项计划和部署································································ 320 四、重点领域科技进展··································································· 322 五、科技管理体制机制··································································· 324 波　　兰························································································ 326 一、推进科教管理部门重组，着力完善科技创新生态系统，提升创新能力······ 326 二、加大对相关重点领域的规划部署················································· 328 国际科学技术发展报告·2021 三、充分发挥科技优势，全力应对新冠肺炎疫情·································· 329 四、研发投入和产出及创新表现······················································· 330 五、聚焦欧美，重视东亚，不断推进国际科技合作······························· 330 罗马尼亚··················································································· 332 一、国情概况··············································································· 332 二、研究创新系统总体情况····························································· 333 三、重大科研项目和主要科技领域进展·············································· 334 四、科研系统参与疫情研发情况······················································· 336 希　　腊························································································ 338 一、希腊整体创新指标依然在欧洲中下游徘徊····································· 338 二、受疫情影响，经济衰退严，对创新研发影响尚无官方评估············· 338 三、紧急启动应对新型冠状病毒研究国家旗舰计划······························· 339 四、国家创新战略未做大的调整，绿色发展和数字化将成为未来国家发展 战略的主调············································································ 339 五、可再生能源领域发展迅猛·························································· 340 六、智能数字化领域外资投入屡创新高·············································· 341 俄　罗　斯····················································································· 342 一、科技创新整体实力情况····························································· 342 二、综合性科技创新战略和规划······················································· 343 三、重点领域专项计划和部署·························································· 346 白俄罗斯··················································································· 349 一、科技发展整体情况··································································· 349 二、国际科技创新合作概况····························································· 350 日　　本························································································ 352 一、科技发展概况········································································· 352 二、综合性科技创新战略································································ 354 三、重点领域专项部署··································································· 355 四、科技管理体制机制方面的重大变化·············································· 358 五、国际科技合作动向··································································· 359 韩　　国························································································ 361 一、韩国科技创新基本情况····························································· 361 二、韩国重点领域科技创新发展战略················································· 362 三、韩国主要领域科技发展现状······················································· 364 四、国际科技创新合作情况········································