文言教学法/语文教师小丛书

本书是语文教学名家张必锟先生谈文言教学的文章选粹，按内容分为“文言教学”“实词译解”“虚词随笔”“断句指津”“笔法漫谈”“文化常识”六部分。作者认为：教文言文应当立足于传统经验，取其精华，去其糟粕，然后参考当代新的教学理论和教学方法作适当的改革，才是真正的出路所在。作者从文言的性质和特点出发，主张用文言诵读为纲统摄文言教学设计。本书内容精要，观点明确，语言上乘，涵盖文言教学法的诸多要点，如文言的特点、诵读教学法的要义、文言文课堂教学的基本环节和基本教法、经典名篇背诵指导、实词教学要点、虚词用法和教法、文言断句窍门、文言笔法和文化常识，等等。

张必锟（1927—2017），湖南辰溪人。幼年入私塾读书，博闻强识，1942年考入长沙雅礼中学，1945年毕业，1946年同时考上国立中央大学（今南京大学）外语系、复旦大学新闻系、北京大学教育系，同年入复旦大学，两个月后北上入北京大学，前三年读教育系，后三年转读中文系，1952年毕业后，先后任教于北京大学附设工农速成中学、中南海业余中学（兼职）、北京女五中、北京一四〇中学、北京一三三中学（现并入六十六中）等校。从八十年代起参与人教版中学语文教材和教学参考书的编写工作。在《语文报》《中学语文教学》《语文学习》等报刊发表文章近百篇。出版有《文言文学习手册》《我教语文：张必锟语文教育论集》。

文言教学 谈谈文言文教学·························································································· 3 文言文教学法····························································································· 44 谈谈文言文练习的设计（提纲）······················································· 68 多读点文言文为好··················································································· 76 “掘井九仞”说诵读················································································ 83 从《卖柑者言》的教学设想谈初中文言文教学问题············· 86 《教战守策》教学设想········································································· 101 《五柳先生传》教学实录···································································· 109 　附1：一堂真正的文言文自读课（礼出）······························ 114 　附2：张必锟答礼出信···································································· 117 《师说》诵读教学设想········································································· 121 　附：《师说》导读·············································································· 131 《出师表》背诵指导要点···································································· 142 《送董邵南游河北序》背诵指导要点··········································· 146 《岳阳楼记》背诵指导要点······························································· 149 实词译解 怎样辨析词的本义················································································· 155 利用语言环境辨析词义 　—学习文言实词的一个基本方法········································· 158 “荆轲废”怎么解？ 　—浅谈词义引申············································································ 162 “子曰”的故事························································································ 165 “五六”不是“三十” 　—文言文中约数的表示法························································ 167 译文必须“可解”··················································································· 170 直译和意译不可偏废············································································ 174 虚词随笔 虚词为什么又叫“语助”？····························································· 181 虚词不虚····································································································· 183 学文言虚词，要懂得“审辞气”····················································· 186 再谈“审辞气”························································································ 189 三谈“审辞气”························································································ 194 一个有趣的比较 　—介绍一种学习虚词的方法··················································· 198 学文言虚词也要“听”········································································· 200 文言虚词的模糊分类法······································································· 203 “之”的用法漫谈··················································································· 207 “之”于史文神理何干？ 　—说“汉军之楚歌”···································································· 211 略说“之”的叠用················································································· 214 “矣”有“言外之意”吗？······························································· 217 “矣”字值得品味··················································································· 220 《马说》中的五个“也”字······························································· 223 《醉翁亭记》的二十一个“也”字················································ 226 这个“也”字增不得············································································ 229 追加两个“而”字················································································· 232 “若夫”解·································································································· 235 从“夫天地者”说起············································································ 237 “多乎哉？” 　—谈文言文中复杂语气的表示·············································· 240 “穿井”能“得人”吗？ 　—浅谈虚词的省略······································································· 242 虚词疑难辨析（一） 　—兼答覃继仁同学······································································· 245 虚词疑难辨析（二）·············································································· 248 断句指津 不要把句子读破······················································································ 253 夔只有一只脚吗······················································································ 256 人名不能读破··························································································· 258 句读和朗读································································································ 260 句中停顿····································································································· 265 断句必先弄清文意················································································· 268 谈谈利用虚词断句················································································· 272 句例和断句································································································ 277 断句也要有方法······················································································ 279 笔法漫谈 文言文的换字法······················································································ 287 说“借代”·································································································· 290 谈“炼字”·································································································· 292 谈“避讳”·································································································· 294 文言文的省字法（一）········································································· 296 文言文的省字法（二）········································································· 298 文言文的省字法（三）········································································· 300 谈“微言大义”························································································ 302 谈“设喻”·································································································· 304 改寿联的故事 　—浅说“脱胎”·············································································· 307 从回文诗说起 　—谈文言文句读的灵活性························································ 310 从“ ”字说起 　—兼谈书信中的称呼·································································· 313 文化常识 古代的车战································································································ 317 古代的纪年法··························································································· 321 古代对天区的划分················································································· 325 古代占星术趣谈······················································································ 329 古代的乐律 　—五声、七声、十二律浅说··················································· 333 说“妙玉听琴”························································································ 337 古代的乐器································································································ 340 鸿门宴上的座次······················································································ 343 异彩纷呈的先秦诸子散文·································································· 346 厚重动人的先秦史传············································································ 350 编后记·········································································································· 354