I General Reports
Assessment and Prediction of Innovation Competitiveness, Status Quo and
Suggestions for STI Cooperation Among BRICS Countries ..............................................2
1 Evaluation of the Innovation Competitiveness of BRICS Countries ...........................4
1.1 The overall scores and analysis of the reasons for their changes ....................4
1.2 Analysis of the scores on level-2 indicators and the reasons for their
changes ............................................................................................................6
1.3 Analysis of the scores on level-3 indicators and the reasons for their
changes ..........................................................................................................11
2 BRICS Comprehensive Innovation Index Evaluation System and Its Evaluation
and Forecast .............................................................................................................18
2.1 Evaluation of BRICS countries in five types of STI evaluation reports ........18
2.2 Changes in rankings and scores .....................................................................23
2.3 Forecast on the comprehensive innovation competitiveness of the BRICS
countries .........................................................................................................27
Appendix: Summary of Evaluation System of BRICS Countries’ Innovation Competitiveness
and Comprehensive Innovation Competitiveness Indicators and Methods
of Calculation for Evaluation and Forecast .....................................................32
A.1 Innovation competitiveness evaluation index system of the BRICS
countries ........................................................................................................32
A.2 Mathematical model for national comprehensive innovation
competitiveness evaluation index .................................................................34
A.3 Method for predicting the national comprehensive innovation
competitiveness evaluation index and justification ......................................34
Science and Technology Priority Areas in BRICS+ Countries .........................................36
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................37
2 Methodology ...........................................................................................................39
3 Analysis of S&T indicators for BRICS+ countries ......................................................42
3.1 Key indicators of S&T potential ....................................................................42
3.2 Publications ....................................................................................................46
3.3 Specialization indices ...................................................................................50
3.4 Collaboration .................................................................................................55
4 S&T capacity of BRICS+ countries by priority area ...................................................59
4.1 Common priorities as a basis for BRICS countries’ future S&T
cooperation ....................................................................................................60
4.2 Instruments for promotion of S&T cooperation ............................................70
5 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................71
References .....................................................................................................................73
Annex ............................................................................................................................78
II Special Reports
IIA BRICS Country Reports ..........................................................................................100
Brazil’s National Innovation System: Its Evolution and Dynamics at the End of the
Second Decade of the Millenium .......................................................................................101
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................101
2 The idea of national system of innovation ............................................................102
3 The origins of the Brazilian system of innovation ..................................................105
4 The Brazilian system of innovation from the 1950s to the late 1970s ...................108
5 The Brazilian system of innovation since the 1980s ..............................................110
5.1 The policy dimension ..................................................................................110
5.2 The S&T infrastructure ................................................................................115
5.3 The production structure ..............................................................................117
5.4 The social dimension: inequality and the Brazilian NSI .............................127
6 Challenges and opportunities for advancing STI policies in Brazil .........................127
7 Conclusions ............................................................................................................129
References ...................................................................................................................131
. Contents
Brazil’s Experience in Developing and Using the Concept of System of Innovation
and Suggestions for STI Cooperation ...............................................................................135
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................136
2 LIPS conceptual framework ...................................................................................137
3 RedeSist’s methodology for the analysis of LIPS ....................................................139
4 Main results obtained by RedeSist’s analyses of LIPS ............................................143
5 Suggestion of a new agenda of teaching and research on innovation and
development ..........................................................................................................147
6 Concluding remarks ...............................................................................................149
References ...................................................................................................................151
Russia’s STI Policy: New Goals and New Challenges .....................................................155
1 Introduction: waiting for radical changes — again ...............................................156
2 The current state of science, technology and innovation in Russia .......................158
2.1 S&T resources .............................................................................................158
2.2 R&D performance .......................................................................................163
2.3 R&D results .................................................................................................166
2.4 Innovation activity .......................................................................................168
3 Government policies after 2010: the obtained results ..........................................172
4 The new national policy model: expectations and risks ........................................180
5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................187
Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................189
References ...................................................................................................................189
Russian Regions on the Way to Innovations: Opportunities for International
Cooperation in BRICS Member Countries .....................................................................192
1 Innovation development of Russian regions ..........................................................193
2 Best practices of interregional cooperation in Russia ...........................................198
2.1 Innoscope: a resource exchange platform for Russian regions ...................198
2.2 Learning from foreign practices and all-round training for promoting
innovations in Kaluga region .......................................................................201
3 Opportunities for cooperation in BRICS member countries .................................204
3.1 Creation of a digital platform ensuring unified access to services and
infrastructure of STI sector in BRICS .........................................................204
3.2 Establishment of joint training programmes and internships for all the
participants of innovative activity in the regions of BRICS member
countries ......................................................................................................205
3.3 Formation of the unified foundation for assistance to joint innovation
projects of different BRICS member regions ..............................................205
4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................205
References ...................................................................................................................206
Technology Innovation and Access for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
in India .................................................................................................................................208
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................208
2 Climate change mitigation and adaptation — technology perspectives ................................210
3 Technology innovation and access .........................................................................213
3.1 Innovation agenda for climate change mitigation and adaptation fields .....217
3.2 Access ..........................................................................................................218
4 Need for change ....................................................................................................218
5 Concluding remarks ...............................................................................................220
References ...................................................................................................................221
India’s STI Development Report (2020) ...........................................................................222
1 Main measures ......................................................................................................223
2 Development in priority areas ...............................................................................226
3 International S&T cooperation ...............................................................................228
4 STI cooperation between China and India .............................................................230
References ...................................................................................................................232
China’s STI Development Report (2020) ..........................................................................233
1 Evaluation of China’s national innovation competitiveness ...................................234
2 China’s STI development has entered a new era ...................................................235
3 Current status of China’s STI development ............................................................243
3.1 The reform of S&T management system is making further progress ..........243
3.2 The S&T talent pool is further expanded and improved .............................247
3.3 Universities and scientific research institutes provide strong support
for STI development ....................................................................................249
3.4 Technological innovation in enterprises and technology transactions thrive ...250
3.5 S&T supervision is increasingly standardized, and scientific research
integrity is continuously improved .............................................................253
4 Current status of STI cooperation between China and other BRICS countries ......255
4.1 Belt and Road innovation cooperation and multilateral S&T
cooperation ..................................................................................................256
4.2 International cooperation between China and other BRICS countries ........258
4.3 Bilateral cooperation in STI between China and other BRICS countries ...260
Evaluation on the Provincial Science, Technology and Innovation Competitiveness
in China ...............................................................................................................................268
1 Selection and weighting of indicators for PSTIC evaluation ..................................269
1.1 Selection of the indicators ..........................................................................269
1.2 Weighting of the indicators ..........................................................................270
2 Evaluation of PSTIC ................................................................................................273
2.1 Analysis of PSTIC rankings ........................................................................273
2.2 Analysis of the average scores and rankings of the level-2 PSTIC
indicators in the 2001–2018 period .............................................................280
2.3 Analysis of the average scores and rankings of the level-3 PSTIC
indicators in the 2001–2018 period .............................................................282
2.4 Analysis of the average scores and rankings of the level-4 PSTIC
indicators in the 2001–2018 period .............................................................291
Innovation, Research and Sustainable Development: South Africa ..............................309
1 Situational analysis ................................................................................................309
2 Framework conditions ...........................................................................................314
3 Finance ..................................................................................................................316
4 Talent .....................................................................................................................320
5 Knowledge exchange .............................................................................................322
6 South Africa and the BRICS ...................................................................................329
7 Synthesis ................................................................................................................331
References ..................................................................................................................338
Development Trend of Renewable Energy in South Africa ............................................342
1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................342
1.1 The policy on renewable energy in South Africa ........................................343
1.2 Investment opportunity in South Africa ......................................................344
1.3 The main renewable energy used in South African ....................................345
2 Hydropower ...........................................................................................................346
3 Solar power ............................................................................................................347
4 Wind-power ...........................................................................................................348
5 Hybrid systems .......................................................................................................351
6 Geothermal energy ...............................................................................................351
References ..................................................................................................................352
IIB Thematic Reports ......................................................................................................355
Empirical Study on the Comprehensive Innovation Competitiveness of the BRICS
Countries in Agricultural Modernization .........................................................................356
1 Agricultural development environment in the BRICS countries ............................357
1.1 Agricultural scale and mechanization level .................................................357
1.2 Investment in agricultural production ..........................................................363
1.3 Supporting role of agricultural science and technology ..............................367
2 Status of agricultural output capacity in the BRICS countries ................................368
2.1 Total agricultural output value .....................................................................368
2.2 Development status of various industries ....................................................370
2.3 Global status of agricultural production in the BRICS countries ................379
3 Agricultural cooperation among the BRICS countries ............................................380
3.1 Trade status of agricultural products in the BRICS countries .....................380
3.2 BRICS cooperation in agricultural science and technology ........................388
References ...................................................................................................................394
BRICS Agricultural STI Competitiveness Report ...........................................................396
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................396
2 Evaluation and analysis of agricultural STI capacity of the BRICS countries ..........397
2.1 General report .............................................................................................397
2.2 Country reports ............................................................................................404
References ...................................................................................................................427
Closer BRICS Cooperation in Green Agriculture for a Sustainable Food Future .......429
1 Green development of agriculture and food security ............................................430
1.1 Current situation and trend of global agriculture development ...................430
1.2 Green development of agriculture is the guarantee of food security in
the future ......................................................................................................436
1.3 Scientific and technological progress and cooperation are the driving
force of green development of agriculture ...................................................439
2 Strengthening green agriculture cooperation in the BRICS countries to ensure
food security ..........................................................................................................440
2.1 The BRICS countries have a large population and a large demand for
food ..............................................................................................................440
2.2 The potential of agricultural resources in the BRICS countries is huge ......442
2.3 The BRICS countries are also big producers of crops .................................443
2.4 The BRICS countries are major players in global food trade ......................444
2.5 The BRICS countries serve as an important driving force for the
development of global green agriculture .....................................................445
3 Challenges and difficulties faced by the BRICS countries in strengthening green
agriculture cooperation to ensure food security ...................................................447
3.1 Trade protectionism in developed countries impacts on the current
pattern of agriculture cooperation ................................................................448
3.2 Conflict of interests limits the further development of agricultural cooperation ......450
3.3 Developing countries’ efforts in poverty alleviation and solving the
problem of food and clothing affect the green development of agriculture ......451
3.4 Agricultural production structure under the guidance of giving priority to
profit is not conducive to the secure supply of food ....................................453
4 Thoughts and countermeasures for the BRICS countries to strengthen green
agriculture cooperation and ensure food security .................................................454
4.1 Embrace the vision of a community with a shared future for mankind,
promote green agriculture cooperation among the BRICS countries and
ensure food security .....................................................................................454
4.2 Build a reasonable mechanism for the distribution of cooperative interests
and promote the deepening of international agricultural cooperation .........455
4.3 Improve the foundation and conditions of agriculture development in
developing countries and enhance the benefits of agricultural technical
cooperation ..................................................................................................456
4.4 Increase scientific and technological support, adjust the production
structure of green agriculture, and ensure the sustainable food security .....457
III Annexes
Annexes: Compilation of Documents on BRICS STI Cooperation Framework .........460
Annex 1: Brasilia Declaration of the 11th BRICS Summit (excerpt) ..............................461
Annex 2: Campinas Declaration of the 7th BRICS Science, Technology and
Innovation Ministerial Meeting .....................................................................469
Annex 3: Johannesburg Declaration of the 10th BRICS Summit (excerpt) ...................472
Annex 4: Durban Declaration of the 6th BRICS Science, Technology and Innovation
Ministerial Meeting .......................................................................................479
Annex 5: List of Projects Supported Through the 3rd BRICS STI Framework
Programme Call in 2019 .................................................................................483
Annex 6: List of Projects Supported Through the 2nd BRICS STI Framework
Programme Call in 2017 .................................................................................491
Annex 7: List of Projects Supported Through the 1st BRICS STI Framework
Programme Call in 2016 .................................................................................500
Postscript .............................................................................................................................509
