1 Basic Concepts
1.1 Roles of Wind in Climate Variability
1.2 Main Thermocline in the World Oceans
1.3 Reduced Gravity Model, Advantage and Limitation
1.3.1 Model Formulation
1.3.2 The Reduced Gravity in the World Oceans
1.4 Layer Outcropping: The Physics and the Numerical Method
References
2 Climate Variability Diagnosed from the Spherical Coordinates
2.1 Climate Variability Diagnosed in the z-Coordinate
2.2 External/Internal Modes in Meridional/Zonal Directions
2.2.1 Heat Content Anomaly
2.2.2 Salinity Anomaly
2.2.3 Density Anomaly
2.3 Adiabatic Signals in the Upper Ocean
2.3.1 Adiabatic Adjustment in the Upper Ocean
2.3.2 Adiabatic Wave Adjustment in the Meridional Direction
2.4 The Regulation of MOC (MHF) by Wind Stress and Buoyancy Anomalies
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Surface Density Anomaly
2.4.3 Correlation Between Surface Forces and MOC
2.4.4 Conclusion
2.5 Adiabatic Heaving Signals in the Deep Ocean
2.6 Final Remarks
References
3 Heaving, Stretching, Spicing and Isopycnal Analysis
3.1 Heaving, Stretching and Spicing Modes
3.1.1 Adiabatic and Isentropic Processes
3.1.2 Heaving, Stretching and Spicing Modes
3.1.3 External Heaving Modes Versus Internal Heaving Modes
3.1.4 Wave Processes Related to Adiabatic Internal Heaving Modes
3.1.5 Local Versus Global Heaving Modes
3.2 Potential Spicity
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Define Potential Spicity by Line Integration
3.2.3 Define Potential Spicity in the Least Square Sense
3.2.4 Solve the Linearized Least Square Problem
3.2.5 Potential Spicity Functions Based on UNESCO EOS-80
3.2.6 Potential Spicity Functions Based on UNESCO TEOS_10
3.3 σ-π Diagram and Its Application
3.3.1 The Meaning of Spicity
3.3.2 Density Ratio Inferred from the Density-Spicity Diagram
3.3.3 The σ-π Plane as a Metric Space
3.4 Isopycnal Analysis
3.4.1 The Lagrangian Coordinate
3.4.2 Isopycnal Analysis in the Eulerian Coordinate References
4 Heaving Modes in the World Oceans
4.1 Heaving Induced by Wind Stress Anomaly
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 A Two-Hemisphere Model Ocean
