这才是心理学(第11版英文版高等学校心理学教学指导委员会用书)

在今天的大众媒体和图书市场上，到处充斥着关于潜能提升、心理操控、色彩星座、催眠读心等伪装成心理学的主题，更有一些伪心理学家、所谓的心理治疗师打着心理学的旗号欺世盗名，从中渔利。在浩如烟海、良莠不齐的心理学信息面前，如何拨除迷雾，去伪存真，成为一个明智的心理学信息的消费者？这本书将教给你科学实用的批判性思维技能，将真正的心理学研究从伪心理学中区分出来，告诉你什么才是真正的心理学。 《这才是心理学》首版于1983年，30多年来一直被奉为心理学入门经典，在全球大学中享有盛誉，现在呈现在读者面前的是英文第11版。这本书并不同于一般的心理学导论类教材，很多内容是心理学课堂上不曾讲授的，也是许多心理学教师在教学中感到只可意会而不可言传的。作者正是从此初衷出发，以幽默生动的语言，结合一些妙趣横生、贴近生活的实例，深入浅出地介绍了可证伪性、操作主义、实证主义、安慰剂效应、相关和因果、概率推理等心理学中的基本原则。与上一版相比，第11版更新了新的研究资料和实例以及290篇参考文献。 《这才是心理学》不仅适合于心理学专业的学生，有助于建立心理学研究中必要的批判性思维技能与意识，而其通俗易读性也非常适合所有对心理学感兴趣的读者，它将帮助你纠正对心理学的种种误解，学会独立地评估心理学信息，用科学的精神和方法理解自己和他人的行为。此外，由于心理学与其他学科的共通性，本书也不失为一本精彩有趣的科学哲学类读物。

基思·斯坦诺维奇（Keith E. Stanovich），目前担任加拿大多伦多大学人类发展与应用心理学的国家首席教授，他的研究领域是推理和阅读的心理学机制。他于2010年获得格威尔美尔教育奖（Grawemeyer Award in Education）。他至今已发表了200多篇科学论文。在一项对于论文引用率的调查中，斯坦诺维奇位列引用率非常高的50位发展心理学家之一，也是25位高产的教育心理学家之一。他所撰写的《这才是心理学》（How to Think Straight about Psychology）一书被全球300多所心理学高等教育机构采用。

Contents
Preface xiv
1 Psychology Is Alive and Well
(and Doing Fine Among the Sciences)1
The Freud Problem 1
The Diversity of Modern Psychology 3
Implications of Diversity 4
Unity in Science 4
What, Then, Is Science 6
Systematic Empiricism 7
Publicly Verifiable Knowledge: Replication and Peer Review8
Empirically Solvable Problems: Scientists' Search for Testable Theories 10
Psychology and Folk Wisdom: The Problem with “Common Sense” 11
Psychology as a Young Science 15
Summary 16

2 Falsifiability: How to Foil Little
Green Men in the Head17
Theories and the Falsifiability Criterion 18
The Theory of Knocking Rhythms 19
Freud and Falsifiability 20
The Little Green Men 22
Not All Confirmations Are Equal 23
Falsifiability and Folk Wisdom 24
The Freedom to Admit a Mistake 25
Thoughts Are Cheap 27
Errors in Science: Getting Closer to the Truth 28
Summary 30

3 Operationism and Essentialism:
“But, Doctor, What Does It Really Mean ” 31
Why Scientists Are Not Essentialists 31
Essentialists Like to Argue About the Meaning of Words 32
Operationists Link Concepts to Observable Events 32
Reliability and Validity 34
Direct and Indirect Operational Definitions 37
Scientific Concepts Evolve 38
Operational Definitions in Psychology 40
Operationism as a Humanizing Force 42
Essentialist Questions and the Misunderstanding of Psychology 43
Summary 44

4 Testimonials and Case Study Evidence:
Placebo Effects and the Amazing Randi 45
The Place of the Case Study 47
Why Testimonials Are Worthless: Placebo Effects 48
The “Vividness” Problem 51
The Overwhelming Impact of the Single Case 53
Why Vivid Anecdotes and Testimonials Are So Potent 54
The Amazing Randi: Fighting Fire with Fire 55
Testimonials Open the Door to Pseudoscience 57
Summary 62

5 Correlation and Causation: Birth
Control by the Toaster Method 63
The Third-Variable Problem 64
Why Goldberger's Evidence Was Better 65
The Directionality Problem 68
Selection Bias 70
Summary 72

6 Getting Things Under Control:
The Case of Clever Hans 74
Snow and Cholera 75
Comparison, Control, and Manipulation 76
Random Assignment in Conjunction with
Manipulation Defines the True Experiment 77
The Importance of Control Groups 79
The Case of Clever Hans, the Wonder Horse 83
Clever Hans in the 1990s and in the Present Day 85
Prying Variables Apart: Special Conditions 88
Intuitive Physics 90
Intuitive Psychology 91
Summary 93

7 “But It's Not Real Life!”:
The “Artificiality” Criticism and Psychology94
Why Natural Isn't Always Necessary 94
The Random Sample Versus Random Assignment Confusion96
Theory-Driven Research Versus Direct Applications 97
Applications of Psychological Theory 99
The “College Sophomore” Problem 101
The Real-Life and College Sophomore Problems in Perspective 104
Summary 105

8 Avoiding the Einstein Syndrome:
The Importance of Converging Evidence 106
The Connectivity Principle 107
A Consumer's Rule: Beware of Violations of Connectivity 108
The “Great-Leap” Model Versus the Gradual-Synthesis Model 109
Converging Evidence: Progress Despite Flaws 110
Types of Converging Evidence 113
Scientific Consensus 118
Methods and the Convergence Principle 118
The Progression to More Powerful Methods 119
A Counsel Against Despair 122
Summary 124

9 The Misguided Search for the “Magic Bullet”:
The Issue of Multiple Causation 125
The Concept of Interaction 126
The Temptation of the Single-Cause Explanation 128
Summary 131

10 The Achilles' Heel of Human
Cognition: Probabilistic Reasoning 132
“Person-Who” Statistics 135
Probabilistic Reasoning and the Misunderstanding of Psychology 136
Psychological Research on Probabilistic Reasoning 138
Insufficient Use of Probabilistic Information 139
Failure to Use Sample-Size Information 140
The Gambler's Fallacy 142
A Further Word About Statistics and Probability 144
Summary 146

11 The Role of Chance in Psychology 147
The Tendency to Try to Explain Chance Events 147
Explaining Chance: Illusory Correlation and the Illusion of Control 150
Chance and Psychology 151
Coincidence 151
Personal Coincidences 153
Accepting Error in Order to Reduce Error: Clinical Versus Actuarial Prediction 155
Summary 160

12 The Rodney Dangerfield of the Sciences 162
Psychology's Image Problem 163
Psychology and Parapsychology 163
The Self-Help Literature 165
Recipe Knowledge 166
Psychology and Other Disciplines 167
Our Own Worst Enemies 168
Our Own Worst Enemies, Part II: Psychology
Has Become an Ideological Monoculture 172
Isn't Everyone a Psychologist Implicit Theories of Behavior 178
The Source of Resistance to Scientific Psychology 179
The Final Word 182
References 183
Name Index 210
Subject Index 217