中国科技人才发展报告(2022)

本书是科技部组织编写的反映全国科技人才发展状况的报告，聚焦于科技人才工作，介绍科技人才发展的战略规划、政策、体制机制创新的进展，科技人才队伍总体状况和人才培养现状，科技人才计划、工程和项目的实施情况，向社会公众展现权威信息，为科技工作者提供专业参考，是国外政府、机构、专家学者等了解中国科技人才发展的重要窗口。

科学技术部科技人才交流开发服务中心是科学技术部直属事业单位。按照党中央、国务院建设人才强国和建设创新型国家的战略目标，人才中心紧紧围绕培养和造就创新型科技人才队伍的中心任务，以推进高层次创新型科技人才队伍建设为重点，实施国家相关重大人才工程，推动体制机制和政策制度创新，开展面向全社会的科技创新人才咨询服务等工作。

综　合　篇 第一章　新时代人才工作新要求新部署 ···································································3 第一节　科技人才工作新进展 ·········································································3 一、科技人才队伍规模和质量持续提升 ·······················································3 二、科技人才创新能力和效能显著增强 ·······················································4 三、科技人才体制机制改革向纵深推进 ·······················································4 四、科技人才创新创业生态环境更加完善 ····················································5 第二节　科技人才工作新形势 ·········································································5 一、科技创新发展对科技人才工作提出新要求 ··············································5 二、国际科技竞争对科技人才工作提出新挑战 ··············································6 三、中国式现代化建设对科技人才工作提出新需求 ········································6 第三节　新时代人才工作新部署 ······································································6 一、中央人才工作会议对人才工作作出总体部署 ···········································7 二、各部门贯彻落实中央人才工作会议精神 ·················································9 三、各地结合实际贯彻落实中央人才工作会议精神 ······································14 第四节　科技人才工作新展望 ·······································································16 一、科技人才工作方向思路 ····································································16 二、科技人才发展目标展望 ····································································16 三、科技人才工作重点任务展望 ······························································17 第二章　我国科技人才队伍建设进展 ····································································18 第一节　科技人才队伍整体情况 ····································································18 一、科技人才规模持续扩大 ····································································18 二、高层次科技人才加速涌现 ·································································18 三、更多青年科技人才脱颖而出 ······························································19 四、科技人才储备显著增强 ····································································19 第二节　科技创新人才梯队建设 ····································································19 一、顶尖科技人才队伍规模和水平不断提升 ··············································19 二、科技领军人才担纲领衔作用发挥更加充分 ···········································21 三、工程技术人员和技能人才队伍能力素质不断提升 ···································23 四、青年人才逐步成为科技创新主力军 ·····················································24 第三节　研究与试验发展人员情况 ·································································26 一、我国R&D人员规模 ········································································26 二、我国R&D人员投入强度 ··································································28 三、R&D人员按从事研究类型分布 ··························································29 四、R&D人员按执行部门分布 ································································31 五、R&D人员按学历结构分布 ································································32 六、R&D人员的行业和高技术产业分布 ····················································34 七、R&D人员按区域分布 ······································································36 八、R&D人员按性别分布 ······································································40 第四节　科技人才教育储备情况 ····································································42 一、全国高等教育发展基本情况 ······························································42 二、研究生情况 ···················································································42 三、理、工、农、医领域储备人才 ···························································43 第五节　相关领域科技人才队伍建设进展 ························································48 一、工业和信息化领域科技人才队伍建设 ··················································48 二、自然资源领域科技人才队伍建设 ························································49 三、生态环境领域科技人才队伍建设 ························································50 四、交通运输领域科技人才队伍建设 ························································50 五、水利领域科技人才队伍建设 ······························································51 六、农业农村领域科技人才队伍建设 ························································51 七、卫生健康领域科技人才队伍建设 ························································52 八、标准化领域科技人才队伍建设 ···························································54 九、知识产权领域科技人才队伍建设 ························································55 十、气象领域科技人才队伍建设 ······························································56 第三章　加强科技人才自主培养 ··········································································57 第一节　加强科技人才教育培养 ····································································57 一、改进和加强中小学科学教育 ······························································57 二、全面加强基础学科人才培养 ······························································60 三、积极推动研究生教育改革创新 ···························································62 四、完善科教协同机制 ··········································································63 五、加强工程师和技术技能人才培养 ························································66 六、加强农林医药人才培养 ····································································68 七、加强实验技术人才培养 ····································································70 第二节　通过重大科技任务实施和基地建设培养科技人才 ···································71 一、国家自然科学基金加强基础研究人才资助培养 ······································71 二、通过国家重大科技任务实施培养人才 ··················································74 三、利用重大科研基础设施培养人才 ························································76 四、国家科技创新基地培养使用人才 ························································78 五、创新人才培养示范基地培养人才 ························································79 第三节　在创新创业实践中培养科技人才 ························································80 一、企业创新创业人才培养 ····································································80 二、支持新型研发机构培养人才 ······························································82 三、在创新创业大赛中选拔培养科技人才 ··················································83 第四节　加强青年科技人才培育使用 ······························································84 一、国家科技计划培养使用青年科技人才 ··················································84 二、各部门加大对青年人才培养支持力度 ··················································86 三、改革完善博士后人才培养制度 ···························································88 四、各地支持青年科技人才发展 ······························································90 第五节　促进女性科技人才成长发展 ······························································90 一、完善支持女性科技人才发展的法律制度和政策施 ································90 二、通过“科技创新巾帼行动”促进女性科技人才发展 ································92 三、女性科技人才队伍建设成效显著 ························································95 第四章　深化科技人才体制机制改革 ····································································98 第一节　深化科技人才评价改革 ····································································98 一、建立健全科技人才评价制度 ······························································98 二、持续推进科技人才评价改革 ······························································99 三、组织开展科技人才评价改革试点 ·······················································102 第二节　完善科技人才激励机制 ··································································106 一、优化科研经费管理 ·········································································106 二、健全薪酬激励机制 ·········································································107 三、强化科技成果转化激励 ···································································109 四、完善科技奖励制度 ·········································································110 第三节　进一步为科研人员“松绑减负” ······················································112 一、深化科研经费管理改革 ···································································112 二、建立健全科研助理制度 ···································································113 三、开展减轻青年科研人员负担专项行动 ·················································114 第四节　创新科技人才使用机制 ··································································117 一、围绕优秀人才和团队配置科技资源 ····················································117 二、创新科研任务组织模式 ···································································118 三、支持基础研究人才开展原创性研究 ····················································119 第五节　推进高校和科研机构科技人才管理制度改革 ·······································120 一、赋予高校和科研院所用人自主权 ·······················································120 二、支持高校和科研院所自主设置岗位 ····················································121 三、切实下放职称评审权限 ···································································122 第五章　科技人才服务高质量发展 ······································································124 第一节　科技人才助推产业转型升级 ····························································124 一、支持科技人才向科技型中小企业集聚 ·················································124 二、深入开展科技人员服务企业专项行动 ·················································125 三、引导科技人才助力专精特新“小巨人”企业创新发展 ····························128 第二节　科技人才支撑新冠疫情防控 ····························································129 一、统筹组织科技人才实施科研攻关 ·······················································129 二、组织动员科技人才服务疫情防控 ·······················································130 三、推动科技人才开展疫情防控国际交流合作 ···········································131 四、积极开展疫情防控科普工作 ·····························································131 五、表彰奖励作出突出贡献的科技人才 ····················································132 第三节　科技人才服务“科技冬奥” ····························································132 一、组织科技人才开展冬奥科研攻关 ·······················································132 二、科技人才支撑冬奥会场馆建设改造 ····················································133 三、科技人才为赛事成功举办提供技术保障 ··············································134 四、科技人才研发高性能运动器材装备 ····················································135 五、科技人才服务运动员高水平参赛 ·······················································136 六、外国专家助力北京冬奥会成功举办 ····················································137 第四节　科技人才促进“双碳”目标实现 ······················································137 一、部署实施碳达峰碳中和创新项目、基地、人才协同增效行动 ···················137 二、加强“双碳”领域科技人才培养 ·······················································138 三、组织科技人才开展“双碳”科技创新 ·················································139 第五节　科技人才赋能乡村振兴 ··································································141 一、统筹推进乡村振兴人才队伍建设 ·······················································141 二、科技特派员制度实施成效显著 ··························································142 三、启动实施科技特派团选派工作 ··························································143 四、 推动实施边远贫困地区、边疆民族地区和革命老区人才支持计划科技人员专项计划 ·····························145 五、加强农业科技人才培育和使用 ··························································146 六、组织科技人才开展农业农村志愿服务 ·················································146 第六章　科技人才创新生态建设 ·········································································148 第一节　完善科技人才队伍建设基础法律制度 ················································148 一、完善科学技术人员发展的制度和机制 ·················································148 二、规定科学技术人员的权利和义务 ·······················································150 三、明确科学技术人员相关违法行为的法律责任　 ·····································151 第二节　深入推进科研诚信建设 ··································································152 一、充分发挥科研诚信建设联席会议的统筹协调作用 ··································153 二、加强科研诚信制度建设 ···································································153 三、深入开展科研诚信专项治理 ·····························································154 四、压实科研院所和高校等的主体责任 ····················································155 五、加强科研诚信宣传教育 ···································································156 六、各地结合实际强化科研诚信建设 ·······················································156 第三节　提升科技伦理治理能力 ··································································158 一、健全科技伦理治理体制 ···································································158 二、强化科技伦理审查和监管 ································································159 三、深入开展科技伦理教育和宣传 ··························································160 四、各地推进科技伦理治理 ···································································161 第四节　大力弘扬科学家精神 ·····································································162 一、聚焦庆祝建党百年主线唱响弘扬科学家精神主旋律 ·······························162 二、扩大渠道、创新方式讲好科学家故事 ·················································163 三、实施弘扬科学家精神的专项活动 ·······················································164 四、各地结合实际大力弘扬科学家精神 ····················································165 第五节　以科普事业发展促进全民科学素质提升 ·············································166 一、加强科普事业发展和提升全民科学素质的顶层设计 ·······························167 二、聚焦科学素质提升明确新时代科普工作目标 ········································167 三、科普工作促进科技人才培养使用 ·······················································168 四、增加高质量科普供给 ······································································170 第七章　科技人才管理与服务 ···········································································173 第一节　提升科技人才思想素质和创新能力 ···················································173 一、加强对科技人才的思想政治引领 ·······················································173 二、组织科技人才创新创业培训 ·····························································174 三、推进技能人才培训交流 ···································································175 第二节　创新科技人才管理服务方式 ····························································176 一、国家高新区创新科技人才服务模式 ····················································176 二、充分发挥创新创业载体人才服务功能 ·················································177 三、推动提升科技人才市场化服务水平 ····················································179 四、强化科技人才信息化管理服务 ··························································179 第三节　深化国际科技人才交流合作 ····························································180 一、推动政府间科技人才交流合作 ··························································181 二、畅通各类国际科技人才交流合作渠道 ·················································182 三、帮助和支持发展中国家培养科技人才 ·················································183 四、举办重要国际科技人才交流活动 ·······················································183 五、高质量开展在华外国人才服务工作 ····················································184 第四节　提升科技管理人才能力素质 ····························································186 一、加强党的理论和党性教育 ································································186 二、提升管理服务能力 ·········································································186 三、提高调查研究能力 ·········································································187 四、增强科技创新形势分析能力 ·····························································187 五、强化实践锻炼 ···············································································187 第八章　区域科技人才发展 ···············································································189 第一节　加快建设高水平人才高地 ·······························································189 一、北京力争率先建成高水平人才高地 ····················································189 二、上海全方位推进高水平人才高地建设 ·················································195 三、粤港澳大湾区聚力打造高水平人才高地 ··············································200 第二节　各地多措并举推动科技人才发展 ······················································203 一、深化科技人才体制机制改革 ·····························································203 二、充分发挥科技人才引领产业发展作用 ·················································206 三、优化科技人才创新生态环境 ·····························································207 第三节　推进区域科技人才协同发展 ····························································209 一、京津冀以人才一体化发展带动区域协同发展 ········································209 二、长三角强化区域联动促进科技人才协同发展 ········································213 三、粤港澳大湾区突出“一国两制”特点促进区域科技人才协同发展 ·············215 四、成渝双城经济圈推进区域科技人才高地建设 ········································219 地 方　篇 北京市科技人才发展报告 ·················································································223 天津市科技人才发展报告 ·················································································230 河北省科技人才发展报告 ·················································································240 山西省科技人才发展报告 ······················