功能对立与雅柯布森的音位--雅柯布森音系学初探

罗曼·雅柯布森(Roman Jakobson)是20世纪最 重要的语言学家之一，是音系学发展史中的重要人物 。他是布拉格学派的奠基人、欧洲和美国语言学之间 的重要桥梁。“结构主义”这一术语也是他首先创用 的。结构主义语言学和生成语言学均从雅柯布森那里 汲取了必不可少的思想养分。 研究雅柯布森的思想对于语言本体研究具有深刻 的启示意义。曲长亮所著的《功能对立与雅柯布森的 音位--雅柯布森音系学初探》没有依据传统方法，把 雅柯布森音系学分为前期和后期，而是从雅柯布森音 系学发展历程中贯穿始终的指导思想入手，分析其在 整个雅柯布森音系学中的主导作用。这一指导思想就 是功能主义背景下的对立观点，它贯穿于雅柯布森音 系学的始终，从音位理论一直延伸至区别特征理论中 。阅读本书可以为语言学界读者提供很好的音系学方 面的参考。

1. Functional Opposition in Jakobsonian Phonology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Theoretical hypothesis and research questions 1.3 Research methodology and the structure of this book 1.4 Primary and secondary sources of this study 1.4.1 Primary sources 1.4.2 Secondary sources 1.4.3 Languages of Jakobson's text 2. Before Jakobson's Phoneme: The Linguistic and Extralinguistic Prelude in the Moscow Years 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Lazarev linguistic and philological traditions 2.3 Artistic innovations 2.4 Xlebnikov and the contrastive pairs 2.5 The roots of Jakobson's linguistic thoughts 3. Functional Opposition， Phoneme and Phonology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Jakobsonian phonology and its social background 3.2.1 The Prague and Brno vears 3.2.2 The Nordic years 3.2.3 The American years 3.3 Jakobson's earliest attempts at the phonetics-phonology distinction 3.4 The context of the phoneme: Phonology the name vs. phonology the essence 3.4.1 Jakobson's phonology: The Saussurian label of the science 3.4.2 Jakobson's phonology: The Kazan label of the science 3.5 Jakobson's phonology: Standardization and practice 3.6 Functionalism and phoneme 3.7 Jakobson's earliest use of the term phoneme 3.8 Sources of the term phoneme 3.8.1 Phoneme in the pre-structuralist texts 3.8.2 Phoneme: Influence from the Kazan School 3.8.3 The controversy of Saussure's Phoneme 3.9 Definitions and characteristics of Jakobson's phoneme 3.9.1 Jakobson's phoneme （1929-1932） 3.9.2 Jakobson's phoneme （1939-1942） 3.10 Summary 4. The Abstraction of Phoneme: Correlation and Archiphoneme 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The source of phonological correlation disjunction 4.3 Archiphoneme: An attempt at the unit above the phoneme 4.3.1 Jakobson's earliest attempt at archiphoneme 4.3.2 Common core of correlative phonemes:A possible psycholog interpretation 4.3.3 A comparison to Bloomfield's archiphoneme 4.3.4 A functional analysis of archiphoneme 4.3.5 From above the phoneme to below the phoneme 4.4 Between the phonemes: Phoneme combination rules 4.4.1 General laws that govern the correlations 4.4.2 Phonemic combination rules for a specific language 4.4.3 The possibility of general laws of phonemic combinations 4.5 Summary 5. Below the Phoneme: The Structure of the Phoneme and the Quest for the Distinctive Features 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Jakobson's earliest attempts at the distinctive features 5.3 The source of the English term "distinctive feature" 5.3.1 The terms "distinctive" and "feature" mentioned by Sapir 5.3.2 Bloomfield's distinctive feature 5.3.3 The denial of the linguistic importance of"feature" in Grundziige 5.4 The necessity of sub-phonemic entities 5.4.1 Sub-phonemic entities and the economy in phonologic analysis 5.4.2 The problem of correlation in phonemic oppositions 5.5 The earliest distinctive features 5.5.1 Acute vs. grave 5.5.2 Posterior vs. anterior 5.5.3 Strident vs. mellow 5.5.4 Other types of oppositions 6. Coda: Functional Opposition in the Key Issues of Distinctive Features 6.1 Introduction 6.2 A different approach: Hockett's approximations to sub-phoncnic entities 6.3 Functionalism and the axis of simultaneity 6.4 The binary issue 6.5 The quest for the appropriate numbers of distinctive features 6.6 Summary Bibliography Index